What is Periodontal (Gum) Disease?

The term “periodontal” refers to the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gums and jawbone. Periodontal disease, also known as periodontitis or gum disease, is a common inflammatory condition that affects these tissues and, in advanced stages, can also affect the jawbone.

Periodontal disease usually begins with gingivitis, which is a bacterial infection of the gum tissue. The toxins in plaque irritate and inflame the gums, leading to bacterial infection. Once the infection reaches the gum pockets between the teeth, it becomes more difficult to remove and treat. If left untreated, periodontal disease progresses and can result in the destruction of the connective tissue and jawbone, leading to tooth loss, loose teeth, and shifting teeth.

Periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss among adults in the developed world and should be treated promptly.

There are different types of periodontal disease, including:

1. Chronic periodontitis: This is the most common form of periodontal disease. It is characterized by inflammation within the supporting tissues, deep pockets, gum recession, and progressive loss of attachment between the teeth and gums.

2. Aggressive periodontitis: This form of gum disease occurs in otherwise healthy individuals and is characterized by rapid loss of gum attachment, chronic bone destruction, and familial aggregation.

3. Necrotizing periodontitis: This form of periodontal disease is often associated with systemic conditions such as HIV, immunosuppression, and malnutrition. It involves tissue death in the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and gingival tissues.

4. Periodontitis caused by systemic disease: This type of gum disease often starts at an early age and is associated with medical conditions such as respiratory disease, diabetes, and heart disease.

Treatment for periodontal disease may involve surgical and non-surgical interventions, depending on the severity of the condition. A comprehensive periodontal examination is conducted before treatment is recommended. Some common treatments include:

1. Scaling and root planing: This procedure involves the removal of bacteria and calculus (tartar) from the gum pockets to eliminate the infection. Antibiotics and prescription mouthwashes may be used to aid in the healing process.

2. Tissue regeneration: In cases where bone and gum tissues have been destroyed, regrowth can be promoted using grafting procedures. Membranes may be inserted into the affected areas to assist in the regeneration process.

3. Pocket elimination surgery: Also known as flap surgery, this surgical treatment aims to reduce the pocket size between the teeth and gums. It may involve surgery on the jawbone to eliminate indentations that promote bacterial colonization.

4. Dental implants: When tooth loss occurs due to periodontal disease, dental implants can be used to replace the missing teeth. Tissue regeneration procedures may be necessary to strengthen the jawbone before implant placement.

It’s important to consult with a periodontist or dentist to determine the most appropriate treatment plan for your specific condition. Maintaining good oral hygiene practices and regular dental visits are essential for the long-term success of periodontal treatment.