Oral Pathology

An oral examination is a standard procedure performed by dentists during initial comprehensive exams and regular check-ups. It includes an assessment of the maxillofacial and oral regions to identify and manage diseases related to these areas, including oral cancer.

The normal soft tissue lining of the mouth, called mucosa, should appear smooth and pink in color. Any changes in color or texture of the mucosa can indicate the beginning of a pathological process. These changes may occur on the face, neck, gums, tongue, lips, and other areas of the mouth. While oral cancer is the most serious pathological change, there are other common problems to be aware of.

Geographic Tongue: Also known as Benign Migratory Glossitis or Erythema Migrans, this condition involves missing papillae (small bumps) on different areas of the tongue, resulting in a map-like appearance. Red well-defined patches may appear on the sides of the tongue, which can come and go for varying durations and increase sensitivity to certain substances.

Median Palatal Cyst: This cyst is a developmental fluid-filled sac that usually appears in the middle of the palate and can cause discomfort.

Hairy Tongue: An overgrowth of bacteria or yeast in the mouth, leading to a hairy and black appearance of the tongue. Poor oral hygiene, excessive use of antibiotics, radiation treatments to the head or neck, HIV infection, and intravenous drug use are common causes. Hairy Tongue may or may not require treatment.

Treatment of Pathological Diseases

In most cases, pathological changes in the oral region are uncomfortable and disfiguring but not life-threatening. However, the incidence of oral cancer is increasing, especially among men, and immediate diagnosis is crucial for better chances of survival (around 80%).

Oral cancer refers to any type of cancer affecting the tongue, jaw, and lower cheek area. Definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy sample, so seeking prompt treatment when changes are noticed is important. For less serious problems, treatment options may include:

Antibiotics: Prescribed to treat bacterial infections or persistent soreness and restore the mucosa to its natural state, alleviating discomfort.
Diluted Hydrogen Peroxide: A mouthwash with diluted hydrogen peroxide may be prescribed to address soft tissue changes caused by poor oral hygiene, effectively killing more bacteria and improving bad breath.
Oral Surgery: If the patient has cysts or abnormal non-cancerous growths, complete removal may be recommended. This can improve comfort, alleviate breathing problems, and enhance speech, depending on the location of the cyst.

Oral Examinations

During regular check-ups, dentists thoroughly examine the soft tissue of the mouth, closely observing any changes. If cell changes are present, a biopsy will be performed, and the sample will be sent to a laboratory for analysis. Based on the results, the dentist will determine the most suitable treatment plan.

Oral Cancer Screenings

Oral cancer screenings are typically conducted during comprehensive or recall exams. The screening is painless and quick, involving the use of a laser light to assess the soft tissue for potential cell changes indicating oral cancer. If abnormal cell changes are found, a small biopsy will be taken and sent for laboratory review. If oral cancer is confirmed, an excision (removal) procedure is usually performed.

If you experience any pain or symptoms that concern you, we encourage you to contact us today to schedule an appointment and receive professional evaluation and treatment.

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