Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy

Research has demonstrated that periodontal disease in pregnant women can pose risks to their unborn child, especially if the mothers are also dealing with diabetes. Periodontal disease begins with a bacterial infection in the gum tissue, leading to tissue and bone destruction. If left untreated, the infection causes inflammation, deepening gum pockets, gum recession, and tooth instability.

Hormonal changes during pregnancy increase the risk of gingivitis and periodontal disease. These oral conditions have been linked to preeclampsia, low birth weight, and premature birth in numerous studies. Seeking prompt treatment for periodontal disease is crucial for reducing the potential complications during pregnancy and afterward.

Here are some reasons explaining the connection between periodontal disease and pregnancy complications:

1. Prostaglandin: Advanced periodontal disease has been found to raise prostaglandin levels in expectant mothers. Prostaglandin is a compound associated with periodontitis-related oral bacteria and can induce premature labor and low birth weight.

2. C-reactive protein (CRP): Elevated levels of CRP, a protein previously linked to heart disease, have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes like preeclampsia and premature birth. Periodontal infections increase CRP levels, intensifying the body’s inflammatory response. Oral bacteria can enter the bloodstream, causing the liver to produce CRP, leading to arterial inflammation and potential blood clot formation, which can result in blocked arteries, strokes, or heart attacks.

3. Bacteria spread: Bacteria from gum pockets can travel through the bloodstream and affect other parts of the body. In pregnant women, research has identified oral bacteria and associated pathogens in the internal mammary glands and coronary arteries.

Diagnosis and treatment options for pregnant women focus on safe, non-surgical approaches. It is crucial to halt the progression of periodontal disease to enhance the chances of a safe and healthy delivery.

The dentist will carefully assess the gum and jawbone condition to make an accurate diagnosis. Scaling and root planing, non-surgical procedures, are commonly used to remove calculus (tartar) from tooth-root surfaces and eliminate bacterial toxins from gum pockets.

Treating periodontal disease during pregnancy offers numerous advantages. The risk of pregnancy complications caused by periodontal disease can be reduced by up to 50%, and these treatments can alleviate the unpleasant effects of gingivitis and periodontal infection.

Dentists can also provide dental education and recommendations for effective home care, which can minimize risks to the mother and child’s health. Proper home care, smoking cessation, dietary changes, and appropriate vitamin supplementation can significantly reduce the risks associated with periodontal disease.