Types of Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease, also known as periodontitis or gum disease, is a progressive condition that affects the gums, surrounding tissue, and underlying jawbone. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss and is the primary cause of tooth loss among adults in developed countries.

The disease begins with plaque toxins attacking the gingival tissue, causing inflammation and a bacterial infection. As the infection progresses, it leads to deeper pockets between the teeth and gums, resulting in gum recession and potential bone loss. There are different types of periodontal disease, each requiring immediate treatment by a periodontist:

1. Gingivitis: The mildest form, caused by plaque toxins. It is reversible with proper home care and professional cleaning. Treatments may include root planing, deep scaling, antibiotics, and medicated mouthwashes.

2. Chronic Periodontal Disease: The most common type, characterized by inflammation below the gum line and progressive destruction of tissue. While it cannot be fully cured, treatments like scaling, root planing, antimicrobial therapies, pocket reduction surgery, and tissue grafts can slow its progression.

3. Aggressive Periodontal Disease: Involves rapid loss of gum attachment and bone tissue. Smokers and those with a family history are at higher risk. Similar to chronic periodontal disease, but often requires surgical intervention in addition to scaling, root planing, antimicrobial treatments, and laser procedures.

4. Periodontal Disease Relating to Systemic Conditions: Periodontal disease can be a symptom of underlying conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory disease. Treating the underlying condition is essential, and treatments for aggressive and chronic periodontal disease are used to manage periodontal symptoms.

5. Necrotizing Periodontal Disease: Rare and associated with conditions such as HIV, immunosuppression, malnutrition, chronic stress, and smoking. It causes tissue death and requires consultation with a physician. Treatments include scaling, root planing, antibiotic pills, medicated mouthwashes, and fungicidal medications.

Proper treatment and management of periodontal disease can help preserve oral health, prevent tooth loss, and address underlying systemic conditions. It is important to consult with a dentist or periodontist for a personalized treatment plan based on the specific type and severity of the disease.