Periodontal Disease, Heart Disease and Stroke

Research studies have established a significant association between periodontal disease, heart disease, and stroke. Individuals with gum disease are nearly twice as likely to also have coronary heart disease, and oral infection has been identified as a risk factor for stroke. Patients diagnosed with acute cerebrovascular ischemia are more likely to have some degree of periodontal disease.

Periodontal disease is a progressive condition characterized by bacterial infection of the gum tissue surrounding the teeth. Bacteria colonize above and below the gumline, leading to tissue detachment and the formation of deep pockets between the gums and teeth. If left untreated, the underlying jawbone also deteriorates, causing teeth to shift, become loose, or detach.

Coronary heart disease occurs when fatty proteins accumulate, thickening the walls of the coronary arteries. This results in reduced oxygen supply to the heart, which must work harder to pump blood. Blood clots may further impede blood flow, leading to heart attacks.

The connection between heart disease, stroke, and periodontal disease can be explained by several theories:

1. Oral bacteria affecting the heart: Certain strains of periodontal bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach to fatty plaques in the coronary arteries, contributing to clot formation and increasing the risk of heart-related complications.

2. Inflammation: Severe gum inflammation in periodontal disease elevates white blood cell count and levels of high sensitivity C-reactive proteins, which have been associated with heart disease.

3. Infectious susceptibility: Individuals with high levels of oral bacteria may have weakened immune systems and inadequate inflammatory responses, potentially contributing to vascular effects associated with heart disease.

Diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease are crucial due to its potential as a risk factor for heart attacks and strokes. Thorough examinations, including X-rays to assess bone loss, are conducted by periodontists. Deep cleaning procedures like scaling and root planing remove tartar deposits from gum pockets, and antibiotics may be prescribed to eliminate bacteria and prevent further infection. Regular cleanings and proper home care are essential for prevention.